High-latitude magnetic fields and their time derivatives: interhemispheric similarities

There are two simple and objective measures of geomagnetic activity: the daily range of field components, and the daily maximum of the time derivative of the field. We study these using data from the geomagnetic latitude range of 50–85 deg, covering both the northern and southern hemispheres in 2003–2005. These activity indicators reach their maximum around the magnetic latitude of 70 deg. When comparing northern and southern sites of approximately equal geomagnetic latitudes, there are, in general, no striking interhemispheric differences.publishedVersio

The LappiSat Space Program - Expanding Observatory Quality Geophysical Measurements to Orbits

For more than 100 years, the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory (SGO) has produced a continuous stream of measured data and conducted top-tier research on various topics on space and geophysics. The main research areas include magnetic disturbances, geomagnetic activity, ionospheric composition and disturbances, radio science, seismic activity, and cosmic rays. The observatory’s location in Finnish Lapland (Lappi in Finnish), 120 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, has made it an ideal site for auroral studies and related geophysical research. It has been a time-honored tradition at SGO to design, develop and construct the observatory\u27s most critical measurement instruments in-house. SGO’s instrument network includes over 70 instruments in 27 locations–reaching from Svalbard to Antarctica. The next step in further enhancing SGO\u27s measurement capabilities is to expand its instrument network to low Earth orbits. The LappiSat space program aims at establishing a space technology center in Sodankylä, Finland. As the center\u27s first assignment, the first satellite LappiSat-1 shall be built together with the required ground infrastructure. The LappiSat-1 will carry multiple in-house built geophysical instruments, including auroral imagers, an auroral photometer, and a CubeSat compatible scientific grade magnetometer. The optical and system design of the imagers (i.e. auroral cameras) are optimized for auroral imaging, providing enough spatial resolution and sensitivity for low intensities to enable meaningful scientific observations of the shape and location of the auroral oval. Further information of the polarlights is obtained with the on-board photometer, designed to take narrow-band measurements at the most significant emission wavelengths of the aurorae. Simultaneous fluctuations in the geomagnetic field are recorded with the on-board magnetometer CubeMag. In addition to the instruments required to complete its scientific mission, the LappiSat-1 is expected to contain various features that are tested for future missions. These may include propulsion (also used for hastened re-entry of LappiSat-1), partial radiation shielding and use of radiation-hardened components, and telecommunication links for fast communication. The missions following LappiSat-1 are intended to reach orbits past LEO –with the subsequent goal being the Moon and beyond

Nordic EPOS - A FAIR Nordic EPOS Data Hub

Non peer reviewe

Earth’s climate response to a changing Sun

For centuries, scientists have been fascinated by the role of the Sun in the Earth’s climate system. Recent discoveries, outlined in this book, have gradually unveiled a complex picture, in which our variable Sun a¬ffects the climate variability via a number of subtle pathways, the implications of which are only now becoming clear. This handbook provides the scientifically curious, from undergraduate students to policy makers with a complete and accessible panorama of our present understanding of the Sun-climate connection. 61 experts from di¬fferent communities have contributed to it, which reflects the highly multidisciplinary nature of this topic. The handbook is organised as a mosaic of short chapters, each of which addresses a specific aspect, and can be read independently. The reader will learn about the assumptions, the data, the models, and the unknowns behind each mechanism by which solar variability may impact climate variability. None of these mechanisms can adequately explain global warming observed since the 1950s. However, several of them do impact climate variability, in particular on a regional level. This handbook aims at addressing these issues in a factual way, and thereby challenge the reader to sharpen his/her critical thinking in a debate that is frequently distorted by unfounded claims

Ketamiini ja kallonsisäinen paine : todellinen ongelma vai paljon melua tyhjästä

Ketamiinin käyttö ensihoidossa on lisääntynyt, sillä se ei lamaa hengitystä eikä verenkiertoa. Ketamiini saattaa kuitenkin nostaa kallonsisäistä painetta. Onko ketamiini turvallinen lääke ensihoidossa aivotapahtumapotilaita hoidettaessa? Kannattaako teho-osastolla aivotapahtumapotilaita lääkitä ketamiinilla?</p

GMAG: An open-source python package for ground-based magnetometers

Magnetometers are a key component of heliophysics research providing valuable insight into the dynamics of electromagnetic field regimes and their coupling throughout the solar system. On satellites, magnetometers provide detailed observations of the extension of the solar magnetic field into interplanetary space and of planetary environments. At Earth, magnetometers are deployed on the ground in extensive arrays spanning the polar cap, auroral and sub-auroral zone, mid- and low-latitudes and equatorial electrojet with nearly global coverage in azimuth (longitude or magnetic local time—MLT). These multipoint observations are used to diagnose both ionospheric and magnetospheric processes as well as the coupling between the solar wind and these two regimes at a fraction of the cost of in-situ instruments. Despite their utility in research, ground-based magnetometer data can be difficult to use due to a variety of file formats, multiple points of access for the data, and limited software. In this short article we review the Open-Source Python library GMAG which provides rapid access to ground-based magnetometer data from a number of arrays in a Pandas DataFrame, a common data format used throughout scientific research

Coulomb drag propulsion experiments of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1

This paper presents two technology experiments – the plasma brake for deorbiting and the electric solar wind sail for interplanetary propulsion – on board the ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1 satellites. Since both technologies employ the Coulomb interaction between a charged tether and a plasma flow, they are commonly referred to as Coulomb drag propulsion. The plasma brake operates in the ionosphere, where a negatively charged tether deorbits a satellite. The electric sail operates in the solar wind, where a positively charged tether propels a spacecraft, while an electron emitter removes trapped electrons. Both satellites will be launched in low Earth orbit carrying nearly identical Coulomb drag propulsion experiments, with the main difference being that ESTCube-2 has an electron emitter and it can operate in the positive mode. While solar-wind sailing is not possible in low Earth orbit, ESTCube-2 will space-qualify the components necessary for future electric sail experiments in its authentic environment. The plasma brake can be used on a range of satellite mass classes and orbits. On nanosatellites, the plasma brake is an enabler of deorbiting – a 300-m-long tether fits within half a cubesat unit, and, when charged with -1 kV, can deorbit a 4.5-kg satellite from between a 700- and 500-km altitude in approximately 9–13 months. This paper provides the design and detailed analysis of low-Earth-orbit experiments, as well as the overall mission design of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1.Peer reviewe

Coulomb drag propulsion experiments of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1

This paper presents two technology experiments – the plasma brake for deorbiting and the electric solar wind sail for interplanetary propulsion – on board the ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1 satellites. Since both technologies employ the Coulomb interaction between a charged tether and a plasma flow, they are commonly referred to as Coulomb drag propulsion. The plasma brake operates in the ionosphere, where a negatively charged tether deorbits a satellite. The electric sail operates in the solar wind, where a positively charged tether propels a spacecraft, while an electron emitter removes trapped electrons. Both satellites will be launched in low Earth orbit carrying nearly identical Coulomb drag propulsion experiments, with the main difference being that ESTCube-2 has an electron emitter and it can operate in the positive mode. While solar-wind sailing is not possible in low Earth orbit, ESTCube-2 will space-qualify the components necessary for future electric sail experiments in its authentic environment. The plasma brake can be used on a range of satellite mass classes and orbits. On nanosatellites, the plasma brake is an enabler of deorbiting – a 300-m-long tether fits within half a cubesat unit, and, when charged with - 1 kV, can deorbit a 4.5-kg satellite from between a 700- and 500-km altitude in approximately 9–13 months. This paper provides the design and detailed analysis of low-Earth-orbit experiments, as well as the overall mission design of ESTCube-2 and FORESAIL-1.</p

High-latitude magnetic fields and their time derivatives: interhemispheric similarities

There are two simple and objective measures of geomagnetic activity: the daily range of field components, and the daily maximum of the time derivative of the field. We study these using data from the geomagnetic latitude range of 50–85 deg, covering both the northern and southern hemispheres in 2003–2005. These activity indicators reach their maximum around the magnetic latitude of 70 deg. When comparing northern and southern sites of approximately equal geomagnetic latitudes, there are, in general, no striking interhemispheric differences